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What is Free Evolution? Free evolution is the idea that the natural processes of organisms can lead to their development over time. This includes the creation of new species and transformation of the appearance of existing species. A variety of examples have been provided of this, including various varieties of stickleback fish that can be found in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that favor particular host plants. 에볼루션 바카라사이트 can't, however, explain fundamental changes in body plans. Evolution by Natural Selection Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living organisms that inhabit our planet for ages. The most widely accepted explanation is that of Charles Darwin's natural selection process, a process that occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than those that are less well-adapted. Over time, a community of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually forms a whole new species. Natural selection is a cyclical process that is characterized by the interaction of three elements including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction both of which increase the genetic diversity within a species. Inheritance is the term used to describe the transmission of a person's genetic traits, which include both dominant and recessive genes to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of creating fertile, viable offspring. This can be accomplished by both asexual or sexual methods. All of these variables have to be in equilibrium for natural selection to occur. For example, if the dominant allele of a gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more often than the recessive one, the dominant allele will become more prevalent in the population. However, if the gene confers an unfavorable survival advantage or decreases fertility, it will disappear from the population. The process is self reinforcing which means that an organism that has an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce far more effectively than those with a maladaptive trait. The higher the level of fitness an organism has as measured by its capacity to reproduce and survive, is the more offspring it will produce. 에볼루션 바카라사이트 with favorable traits, such as a longer neck in giraffes or bright white colors in male peacocks are more likely survive and have offspring, and thus will make up the majority of the population over time. Natural selection is only an aspect of populations and not on individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory, which states that animals acquire traits either through use or lack of use. If a giraffe stretches its neck in order to catch prey, and the neck becomes larger, then its offspring will inherit this characteristic. The difference in neck length between generations will persist until the neck of the giraffe becomes so long that it can not breed with other giraffes. Evolution through Genetic Drift Genetic drift occurs when alleles from one gene are distributed randomly in a group. Eventually, only one will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated by natural selection), and the other alleles will decrease in frequency. This could lead to an allele that is dominant at the extreme. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In a small number of people, this could lead to the complete elimination of recessive alleles. Such a scenario would be known as a bottleneck effect and it is typical of evolutionary process that occurs when a lot of people migrate to form a new group. A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when survivors of a disaster like an outbreak or a mass hunting event are confined to a small area. The survivors will be largely homozygous for the dominant allele, meaning that they all share the same phenotype, and consequently have the same fitness traits. This situation might be caused by a conflict, earthquake, or even a plague. The genetically distinct population, if it is left susceptible to genetic drift. Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew use Lewens, Walsh and Ariew employ a “purely outcome-oriented” definition of drift as any departure from the expected values for different fitness levels. They cite a famous example of twins that are genetically identical, have identical phenotypes, but one is struck by lightening and dies while the other lives and reproduces. This kind of drift can play a very important part in the evolution of an organism. However, it is not the only way to develop. The most common alternative is a process called natural selection, where the phenotypic diversity of an individual is maintained through mutation and migration. Stephens argues that there is a significant difference between treating drift as a force or an underlying cause, and treating other causes of evolution, such as mutation, selection and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal-process explanation of drift lets us differentiate it from other forces and this distinction is essential. He also claims that drift has a direction: that is, it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by population size. Evolution by Lamarckism When high school students study biology they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829). His theory of evolution is commonly referred to as “Lamarckism” and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms by the inherited characteristics which result from the organism's natural actions usage, use and disuse. Lamarckism can be demonstrated by an giraffe's neck stretching to reach higher levels of leaves in the trees. This causes giraffes' longer necks to be passed to their offspring, who would then grow even taller. Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his lecture to begin his course on invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th of May in 1802, he presented a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. In his opinion, living things had evolved from inanimate matter via an escalating series of steps. Lamarck was not the first to propose this but he was regarded as the first to give the subject a comprehensive and general treatment. The most popular story is that Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and Lamarckism were competing during the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately won which led to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited, and instead, it argues that organisms develop by the symbiosis of environmental factors, including natural selection. Although Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance through acquired characters, and his contemporaries also spoke of this idea but it was not a central element in any of their evolutionary theories. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically validated. It's been more than 200 year since Lamarck's birth, and in the age genomics, there is an increasing evidence base that supports the heritability-acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as “neo Lamarckism”, or more generally epigenetic inheritance. This is a variant that is as valid as the popular neodarwinian model. Evolution by the process of adaptation One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is a result of a kind of struggle to survive. This is a false assumption and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival is more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a certain environment. This can include not just other organisms as well as the physical environment. To understand how evolution operates, it is helpful to think about what adaptation is. Adaptation is any feature that allows a living organism to survive in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physical feature, like feathers or fur. It could also be a trait of behavior, like moving into the shade during hot weather or coming out to avoid the cold at night. The survival of an organism is dependent on its ability to extract energy from the environment and to interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism must possess the right genes to produce offspring, and must be able to access sufficient food and other resources. The organism should also be able to reproduce itself at an amount that is appropriate for its particular niche. These factors, along with gene flow and mutation can result in a change in the proportion of alleles (different forms of a gene) in a population's gene pool. This change in allele frequency can result in the emergence of new traits, and eventually new species as time passes. A lot of the traits we admire in animals and plants are adaptations. For example the lungs or gills which extract oxygen from air feathers and fur as insulation and long legs to get away from predators and camouflage for hiding. To comprehend adaptation, it is important to discern between physiological and behavioral characteristics. Physical traits such as large gills and thick fur are physical traits. Behavior adaptations aren't, such as the tendency of animals to seek out companionship or retreat into shade during hot temperatures. Furthermore, it is important to note that a lack of thought does not mean that something is an adaptation. In fact, failing to think about the consequences of a behavior can make it ineffective even though it may appear to be reasonable or even essential.